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WASHINGTON —U.S. President Donald Trump is pushing for a peaceful resolution to Russia's now three-year full-scale war in Ukraine. VOA examined several approaches floated by think tanks recently aimed at achieving a lasting peace to the war.
Maximum pressure strategy
A plan by the Center for European Policy Analysis, or CEPA, titled "How to Win: A Seven-Point Plan for Sustainable Peace in Ukraine," calls for "a maximum pressure strategy to bring Russia to the negotiating table in good faith."
It proposes that the U.S. and its allies:
CEPA says that "Ukraine and Europe" must be included in any peace talks with Russia, that the U.S. should support "a European-led coalition of the willing" to enforce any "ceasefire line with an international force," and that "European allies must make consistent and as rapid as possible progress toward Ukraine's accession to the European Union."
One of the report's authors, Catherine Sendak, CEPA's director for transatlantic defense and security, told VOA's Ukrainian service that the United States should enter talks with Russia only having "equipped Ukraine with the strongest possible means" and using its toughest "diplomatic tools."
She added that the issue of Ukraine's possible membership in NATO should not be included in talks with Russia. "To discuss that with a non-NATO member ... I don't believe it is advantageous to any negotiation," Sendak said, noting that it would give Russia "veto power, if you will, over ... choosing members to join the alliance or not."
Negotiating tactics
Josh Rudolph, a German Marshall Fund senior fellow and head of its Transatlantic Democracy Working Group, worked on Russian and Ukrainian policy at the National Security Council during the first Trump administration.
Last month, he offered policy recommendations to the current Trump administration on ending the Ukraine conflict.
Among them:
Rudolph also recommended arming Ukraine "to the hilt"; giving it "all $300 billion of Russia's frozen assets"; making Europe "pay more for weapons" and provide 100,000 troops as "peacekeepers"; enabling "American companies to rebuild Ukraine"; and inviting Ukraine to join NATO should Putin refuse to accept "reasonable" peace deal terms.
Rudolph told VOA that Trump could convince those in the U.S. now skeptical of continuing to arm Ukraine that doing so as part of a peace deal would benefit American workers.
"[H]e tells them, OK, now we've got a good deal, it's secured by rare earth [minerals], it has ended the war, and in order to hold it together, we're going to need to provide a continued stream of good old American-made weapons, which by the way, create all of these American jobs and facilities and factories across red states."
Touting economic benefits
In a report titled "Dollars and Sense: America's Interest in a Ukrainian Victory," Elaine McCusker, Frederick W. Kagan and Richard Sims of the American Enterprise Institute looked at the cost of ending support for Ukraine, concluding that this would lead to Ukraine's defeat and Russia's advance farther into Europe, forcing the U.S. to surge its presence in Europe.
Among the report's conclusions:
In an interview with VOA, Frederick Kagan said a Russian victory in Ukraine would be a victory for Iran, China and North Korea, encouraging adventurism in their respective regions, and allow Russia to rebuild its army by obtaining additional human and material resources within Ukraine.
A Russian takeover of Ukraine would send a wave of refugees into Europe, further destabilizing the continent, Kagan said.
"They've committed atrocities on the Ukrainian population in the areas they occupy. I would expect that would get worse the further west the Russians move and the more they move into the hardest traditional anti-Russian, pro-Western areas of western Ukraine. The horrors will be unspeakable," he predicted.
He said surged assistance to Ukraine would turn it into a bulwark for European peace and security - a country with a battle-tested army and rapidly developing military industry - thereby allowing the U.S. to focus on other regions.
Middle road approach
The Heritage Foundation's "Project 2025 Presidential Transition Project" includes policy recommendations concerning the Russia-Ukraine war.
It noted that the American conservative movement is split over Ukraine - one side supports Kyiv, the other favors walking away - and offered a middle road.
Among Project 2025's recommendations:
James Carafano, a national security expert at The Heritage Foundation who is responsible for its defense and foreign policy team, told VOA that it is in the U.S. interest to have a free and independent Ukraine that can defend itself.
"For the practical matter is, the United Europe can defend itself, and the United States can defend Europe if Ukraine's occupied by Russia. Now, having said that, are we ... way, way better off with the Russians on the other side of Ukraine? And the answer is 'absolutely.'"
In July, VOA published an interview with retired Army Lieutenant General Keith Kellogg, serving as Trump's envoy for Ukraine and Russia, that focused on his vision of ending the war in Ukraine.