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MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA —On the last night of their lives, Jagdish Patel, his wife and their two young children tried to slip into the U.S. across a near-empty stretch of the Canadian border.
Wind chills reached minus 36 Fahrenheit (minus 38 Celsius) that night in January 2022 as the family from India set out on foot to meet a waiting van. They walked amid vast farm fields and bulky snowdrifts, navigating in the black of an almost-moonless night.
The driver, waiting in northern Minnesota, messaged his boss: "Make sure everyone is dressed for the blizzard conditions, please."
Coordinating things in Canada, federal prosecutors say, was Harshkumar Patel, an experienced smuggler nicknamed "Dirty Harry." On the U.S. side was Steve Shand, the driver recently recruited by Patel at a casino near their Florida homes, prosecutors say.
The two men, whose trial is scheduled to start Monday, are accused of being part of a sophisticated human smuggling operation feeding a fast-growing population of Indians living illegally in the U.S. Both have pleaded not guilty.
Over the five weeks the two worked together, documents filed by prosecutors allege they spoke often about the bitter cold as they smuggled five groups of Indians over that quiet stretch of border.
"16 degrees cold as hell," Shand messaged during an earlier trip. "They going to be alive when they get here?"
On the last trip, on Jan. 19, 2022, Shand was to pick up 11 more Indian migrants, including the Patels. Only seven survived.
Canadian authorities found the Patels later that morning, dead from the cold.
In Jagdish Patel's frozen arms was the body of his 3-year-old son, Dharmik, wrapped in a blanket.
Dreams of leaving India
The narrow streets of Dingucha, a quiet village in the western Indian state of Gujarat, are spattered with ads to move overseas.
"Make your dream of going abroad come true," one poster says, listing three tantalizing destinations: "Canada. Australia. USA."
This is where the family's deadly journey began.
Jagdish Patel, 39, grew up in Dingucha. He and his wife, Vaishaliben, who was in her mid-30s, lived with his parents, raising their 11-year-old daughter, Vihangi, and Dharmik. (Patel is a common Indian surname and they are unrelated to Harshkumar Patel.) The couple were schoolteachers, local news reports say.
The family was fairly well off by local standards, living in a well-kept, two-story house with a front patio and a wide veranda.
"It wasn't a lavish life," said Vaibhav Jha, a local reporter who spent days in the village. "But there was no urgent need, no desperation."
Experts say illegal immigration from India is driven by everything from political repression to a dysfunctional American immigration system that can take years, if not decades, to navigate legally.
But much is rooted in economics, and how even low-wage jobs in the West can ignite hopes for a better life.
Those hopes have changed Dingucha.
Today, so many villagers have gone overseas - legally and otherwise - that blocks of homes stand vacant and the social media feeds of those who remain are filled with old neighbors showing off houses and cars.
That drives even more people to leave.
"There was so much pressure in the village, where people grew up aspiring to the good life," Jha said.
Smuggling networks were glad to help, charging fees that could reach $90,000 per person. In Dingucha, Jha said, many families afforded that by selling farmland.
Satveer Chaudhary is a Minneapolis-based immigration attorney who has helped migrants exploited by motel owners, many of them Gujaratis.
Smugglers with ties to the Gujarati business community have built an underground network, he said, bringing in workers willing to do low- or even no-wage jobs.
"Their own community has taken advantage of them," Chaudhary said.
Illegal immigration from India increases
The pipeline of illegal immigration from India has long existed but has increased sharply along the U.S.-Canada border. The U.S. Border Patrol arrested more than 14,000 Indians on the Canadian border in the year ending September 30, which amounted to 60% of all arrests along that border and more than 10 times the number two years ago.
By 2022, the Pew Research Center estimates there were more than 725,000 Indians living illegally in the U.S., behind only Mexicans and El Salvadorans.
In India, investigating officer Dilip Thakor said media attention had led to the arrest of three men in the Patel case, but hundreds of such cases don't even reach the courts.
With so many Indians trying to get to the U.S., the smuggling networks see no need to warn off customers.
They "tell people that it's very easy to cross into the U.S. They never tell them of the dangers involved," Thakor said.
U.S. prosecutors allege Patel and Shand were part of a sprawling operation, with people to scout for business in India, acquire Canadian student visas, arrange transportation and smuggle migrants into the U.S., mostly via the states of Washington or Minnesota.
On Monday, at the federal courthouse in Fergus Falls, Minnesota, Patel, 29, and Shand, 50, will each face four counts related to human smuggling.
Patel's attorney, Thomas Leinenweber, told The Associated Press his client came to America to escape poverty and build a better life and "now stands unjustly accused of participating in this horrible crime."
Shand's attorney did not return calls seeking comment. Prosecutors say Shand told investigators that Patel paid him about $25,000 for the five trips.
His final passengers, though, never made it.