MEXICO CITY —The Day of the Dead in Mexico smells like cempasuchil flowers and copal incense. It has a sweet taste. Sounds and colors abound. There are photos, candles and music all over. The hands of artisans prepare the altars to honor their ancestors.

Although it is an intangible tradition, borne down from pre-Hispanic cultures, Day of the Dead is also a celebration for all the senses - even if one of them is failing you. Gerardo Ramirez, who over the years has become almost blind, sums it all up in one line: "You honor people, you connect with the past."

Day of the Dead is traditionally celebrated on November 1-2.

The smell that guides you from the underworld

Together, two smells show dead souls the way out of the underworld: cempasuchil - a type of marigold whose name means "flower of 20 petals" in Nahuatl language - and a tree resin called copal that is burned at altars.

The native species of cempasuchil smells so strong you can almost hear it, said Verenice Arenazas, a young woman who traded her human resources job for her family's traditional flower field. "As soon as you move it, it tells you, 'Here I am, look at me,'" she said.

Her family this year produced 17,000 cempasuchil plants in Xochimilco, Mexico City's famed canal-crossed southern borough. Arenazas' family grows two types of cempasuchil: those grown by selecting seeds from the most potent-smelling flowers and those that are genetically modified. Both are nearly sold out, she said with a smile.

Arenazas said the flowers smell like the "sweet, fresh, honest work" of the farmers like her who dedicate unending days caring for the flowers. They also smell of "Mexican pride," she said.

Food for the dead

On the traditional altars honoring the dead, food is a symbol of Mother Earth. Even the sweetest bread, flavored with orange blossom, has grisly origins. According to researchers at the Mexican School of Gastronomy, the dough was prepared by mixing honey and human blood as an offering to the gods.

Other historians believe that Spanish colonizers, frightened by human sacrifices in Mexico, created a bread, dipped in sugar and painted it red, to symbolize a heart.

Today there is a special place on altars for the dead person's favorite food and drink.

"The offering loses flavor," explained Ramirez, "because the dead actually come back; what they eat is the essence."

Ramirez explained the communion between the living and the dead, recalling an anecdote that marked him when he was a child. When his uncle died, the family placed his body on the dining table until the coffin arrived. Then they all sat down to eat there.

Creative hands preparing the altar

Preparing an altar is a great pleasure to many Mexicans.

"To feel the softness of the flowers, where you put the food, all the textures," said Ramirez. "It's an explosion of sensations."

Altars welcome all sorts of handicrafts, from papier-mache skeletons to alebrijes (imaginary animal figures), but papel picado - very thin sheets of colored paper cutouts - is essential. There are places where papel picado is still made with hammer and chisel, as in the workshop of Yuriria Torres, located south of Mexico City.

"It's like sculpting" a work of art, said Torres, who still does the whole process by hand, eschewing stencils or laser cutters.

Some people connect Torres' art to the sheets of amate tree bark used by pre-Hispanic communities as paper, though the Indigenous precursor was not dyed. Others say the careful cuttings originated in China and were brought to Mexico by the Spaniards.

Either way, researchers agree that it symbolizes the union between life and death. Perhaps for that reason, the scenes that Torres represents are skulls or skeletons dancing or eating.

Music over the tombs

While some older Mexicans remember hearing only the murmur of prayers characterizing the Day of the Dead, today mariachi music can be heard over the decorated tombs of many cemeteries.

Jose Garcia, a 60-year-old shoe shiner from San Antonio Pueblo Nuevo, a township 140 kilometers west of Mexico City, said people with money would bring a group of musicians to the cemetery to toast with their departed loved ones and listen to their favorite songs.

But, he added, one doesn't have to have money to enjoy the music. Some people just bring "their recordings or their horns," he said.

Photos of the departed

Day of the Dead is one of Mexico's great visual spectacles - and a celebration of cultural syncretism. All the while, its fundamental purpose is to remember those who have died so their souls don't disappear forever.

Photos of the departed loved ones take the most important spot on the altar. Colors fill everything. The bright orange of the cempasuchil, the black of the underworld, the purple of the Catholic faith, red for warriors and white for children.

Remembrance is not only individual, but collective.

Some more political altars in the country's main public university, the National Autonomous University of Mexico, remembered murdered students and the Palestinian dead in the Israel-Hamas war. Elsewhere remembrance is institutional, like the offering in the capital's Zocalo in honor of the revolutionary Pancho Villa on the centenary of his death.

Beyond the visual spectacle, the important thing is to "get into" the offering, to connect with the past and go beyond the senses, insisted Ramirez.

"It's not something they explain to you," he said. "From the moment you are born and experience the celebration, it's in your DNA."

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