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PARIS —As Iranian women bare their heads and burn Islamic veils in demonstrations that have met nationwide repression, hopes and emotions are also running high among those living abroad.
In Iran, at least 17 people have died in protests that broke out after Iranian authorities announced the death of Mahsa Amini, 22, on September 16.
Amini, who was from the northeastern province of Kurdistan, was arrested by the Islamic Republic's feared morality police, enforcers of the strict dress code for women.
Activists say she died after a fatal blow to the head, an account denied by authorities, who have promised an investigation.
"[She] went to Tehran to visit her family. I told my mum that could easily have been me, or my sister, or my cousins," said Sara, 48, a teacher living in France. Like several others interviewed, she asked that her last name not be published.
"That girl wasn't even an activist, just a normal girl like me. ... That's what's different about this time," she added. "It's what's affected and shocked people."
Sara nervously recalled how she herself was arrested by the morality police on a trip to Iran when she was in her 30s.
Held in the same Iranian detention center where Amini was kept, she was "very afraid," she said.
'Women leading the charge'
Iranians, women among them, have staged highly visible demonstrations against the regime before, most memorably in 2009.
"What's unprecedented about these protests is that women are leading the charge," said Azadeh Kian, a sociology professor specializing in Iran at University of Paris.
"The economic crisis, unemployment and political immobility" have been the main focus of demonstrations over the past five years, Kian said, "but this time, we're hearing protests not just against the general situation in the country, but also for women's rights. That's an important change."
Videos posted on social media have documented many female participants at demonstrations removing their veils to reveal their hair and angrily brandishing their head coverings.
They chant slogans, including "Woman, life, freedom!"
Women, especially in Kurdistan province, have "burned their veils to burn the ideological foundations of the regime," said Kian. "It's a very strong symbol."
Other women have posted videos of themselves cutting their hair in protest.
But there has been a harsh response to the demonstrations.
Oslo-based NGO Iran Human Rights has reported 31 civilians killed - nearly twice the official toll of at least 17.
"My heart and stomach are so tense that I can't speak," said Mona, an Iranian researcher in her 40s.
Someone she knows was caught in clouds of tear gas unleashed by police in Tehran on Wednesday.
"It's hard to think about things over there right now. My brain freezes up," Mona added. "Several people I know are now in prison."
'Pressure cooker'
Under the morality police, Iranian women must cover their hair. They are also forbidden from wearing coats that do not reach below the knee, tight trousers, jeans with holes or brightly colored outfits.
Sara remembers her accusers targeting her for her short trousers and lack of socks. She was taken in a minibus to the detention center, where women were held in underground cells.
"I was terrified because I'd heard rumors about violence," she said. "I grabbed one of the posts in the stairway, crying and shouting."
In Sara's case, her mother was able to free her about midnight on the day of her arrest, although she had to leave her identity card until her daughter had completed an hours-long "behavioral correction" course.
Sara said there had been "a buildup of repression for 43 years," ever since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution.
"It's like a pressure cooker, and now it's exploded. I hope it will keep going," she said.
She believes the women joining today's demonstrations are mostly "young, around 20, with no fear and so much hope."
"We've been waiting for these days in Iran for so long," said Saeideh Mirzaei, 38, a doctoral student at the University of Manitoba in Canada who has organized demonstrations in Winnipeg.
Her feelings were split between "rage" and "joy," Mirzaei said. She will continue protesting "as long as people are on the streets in Iran," she said.
Outside the U.N. building in New York, health care professional Fereshteh, 44, was taking part in a noisy protest "to support Iranians inside Iran, who are fighting for their rights, risking their lives."
Women in Iran "set their veils on fire in front of the police, which means so much when you are dealing with murderers," she added. "They are risking their lives, which means they are done and so sick and tired of this crazy regime which is in power."
In Geneva, Azadeh, 63, was demonstrating outside U.N. headquarters.
"We have a rage which we can't really control," she said, her thoughts with her family still living in Iran.
"The veil should no longer be compulsory. We ought to be free!" she said.
"Iranians are very angry. They've dared to say that they've had enough" of the morality police and other forms of repression," Azadeh added. "When will they stop?"