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U.S. adults who haven't gotten any COVID-19 shots yet should consider a new option from Novavax - a more traditional kind of vaccine, influential government advisers said Tuesday.
Regulators authorized the nation's first so-called protein vaccine against COVID-19 last week, but Novavax shots cannot begin until the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends how to use them.
Most Americans have gotten at least their primary COVID-19 vaccinations by now, but CDC officials said between 26 million and 37 million adults haven't had a single dose - the population that Novavax, for now, will be targeting.
"We really need to focus on that population," said CDC adviser Dr. Oliver Brooks, past president of the National Medical Association. Hopefully, the vaccine "will change them over from being unvaccinated to vaccinated."
While it's unclear how many will be persuaded by a more conventional option, "I'm really positive about this vaccine," agreed fellow adviser Dr. Pablo Sanchez of Ohio State University.
Novavax difference
All of the vaccines used in the U.S. train the body to fight the coronavirus by recognizing its outer coating, the spike protein - and the first three options essentially turn people's cells into a temporary vaccine factory. The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines deliver genetic instructions for the body to make copies of the spike protein. The lesser-used Johnson & Johnson option uses a cold virus to deliver those instructions.
In contrast, the Novavax vaccine injects copies of the spike protein that are grown in a lab and packaged into nanoparticles that to the immune system resemble a virus. Another difference: An ingredient called an adjuvant, that's made from the bark of a South American tree, is added to help rev up that immune response.
Protein vaccines have been used for years to prevent other diseases, including hepatitis B and shingles.
How well it works
Large studies in the U.S., Mexico and Britain found two doses of the Novavax vaccine were safe and about 90% effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19. When the delta variant emerged last summer, Novavax reported a booster dose revved up virus-fighting antibodies that could tackle that mutant.
Typical vaccine reactions were mild, including arm pain and fatigue, but regulators did warn about the possibility of a rare risk, heart inflammation, that also has been seen with the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, mostly in teen boys or young men.
But early on, manufacturing problems delayed the Novavax vaccine - meaning the shots were studied long before the omicron variant hit, so it's not clear how well they hold up against the immune-evading mutant.
Still, Novavax points to lab testing that shows the first two shots do spur production of virus-fighting antibodies that are cross-protective against omicron, including the BA.5 subtype that's currently the nation's top threat. A booster dose further revved up cross-protective antibodies.
How to use Novavax shots
The CDC's advisers unanimously endorsed the two-shot primary series. But several noted that it was important for regulators to clear a booster by the time, five or so months after their last dose, that Novavax recipients will need one.
Also, the two doses typically are given three weeks apart. But CDC officials said that like with other COVID-19 vaccines, it's possible to wait up to eight weeks for the second dose - except for people at the highest risk, who need protection quickly.
What happens next
CDC's director, Dr. Rochelle Walensky, must sign off on the advisory panel's recommendations for adults to get the first two Novavax doses. In its first purchase, the U.S. government bought 3.2 million doses.
The Novavax vaccine also is used in Europe, Canada, Australia, South Korea and other countries. Many allow booster doses, and European regulators recently cleared the shots to given as young as age 12.
The Maryland-based company likewise expects U.S. authorization of a booster dose and teen vaccinations to follow soon.
And like other vaccine makers, Novavax is testing shots updated to better match the newest omicron subtypes - in anticipation of another round of boosters this fall and winter.